The Islamic policies of the Sudan Government, 1899 - 1924

The present work intends to study the policy the Anglo-Egyptian rulers adopted towards Islam when their joint rule was established in the Sudan in 1899. The period covered by this study is extended from 1899 to 1924. Besides an introduction and the conclusion the main body of the work has been divided into six chapters. For convenience, each chapter has been sub-divided into sections. Giving a brief historical background leading to the establishment of the joint Anglo-Egyptian rule in the Sudan in 1899, the introduction introduces to the reader the prime necessity for adopting a policy of religious non-interference. It also indicates the Government intention to restore the orthodox Islam in the country. Chapter I dwells upon the Government policy towards the official institutions of the orthodox Islam – vis, the courts administering the Sharia Law and the public mosques. Along these it also throws light on the Government attitude towards the pilgrimage to Mecca and the chief Muslim religious festivals. Chapter II discusses the Government policy towards the traditional methods and institutions of education of the Sudanese Muslims, which in different ways represented orthodox Islam in the Sudan. Chapter III deals with the Sudanese religious brotherhoods, their origin, methods of organisation and their rituals. But more important, it, at the end, discusses the new Government’s policy toward these religious brotherhoods. Chapter IV casts light on the Government policy towards the Hahdists and their leader. It falls into two periods: one from 1899 to 1913 and the other 1914 to 1924. It discusses the policy on the basis of the four elements of Mahdism, vis, its doctrine; leader; sacred writings, objects and places; and its methods of organisation. Chapter V deals with the Government policy to protect the Muslim North form the influence of the Christian Missions. It also indicates the Government missionary policy vis a vis Islam in the Southern Sudan. It shows how the religious political ends. The Conclusion concludes with the explanation why the so called policy of religious non-interference was possible on the part of the British rulers. It also tries to bring to light the effects and impacts of twenty-five years of Anglo-Egyptian rule on the Sudanese Muslims

Coastal resources management, policy and planning in Bangladesh

This paper reviews the coastal fishery resources of Bangladesh emphasizing the coastal environment, capture fisheries and management issues relative to the sector. BangladeshÆs Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covers an area of about 166 000 km2. This area has abundant natural resources such as fish, shrimps, crabs and other marine products. Shrimp and fish trawling is the most important economic activity in this area. The fishery sector makes a significant contribution to the national economy in terms of foreign exchange, income generation and employment. It is very important in nutrition, especially in providing animal protein. In 1997 - 99, the marine fisheries sector contributed 22% of the total fishery production of 1 373 000 t. However, the resources are being destroyed in many ways. The fisheries resources have declined and fishers are getting poorer. The decline is partly due to estuarine set bag net, push net, and beach seine fishing, which result in recruitment over-fishing. A multiplicity of factors adversely affect the coastal fishery resources of Bangladesh. Various laws, ordinances and acts have been formulated to manage the fisheries resources and to protect the coastal zone environment. Most of the laws have been amended to meet current needs. However, marine fisheries are not being well-managed because the laws are not properly implemented, due to a shortage of man power, lack of infrastructure and funds. Moreover, there are legislative and communication gaps between the law-enforcing agencies. In addition to sectoral issues, a number of cross-sectoral issues such as pollution and habitat destruction impact the coastal zone and the long-term sustainability of coastal fishery resources. The main objectives of coastal fisheries management in Bangladesh should include the following: (1) rational utilization of resources; (2) protection/conservation of the environment or habitat; (3) maximization of the benefits from utilization of the resources within sustainable limits; (4) minimization of conflicts among users; (5) promotion of equity in sharing benefits from utilization of the resources; (6) reduction of poverty among small scale fishers; and (7) promotion of alternative livelihood opportunities for fishers.Fishery resources, Catch/effort, Population characteristics, Coastal fisheries, Marine fisheries, Ecosystems, Economic benefits, Fishery industry, Capture fishery economics, Fish consumption, Fishery policy, Legislation, Fishery management, Flood plains, Demersal fisheries, Pelagic fisheries, Socioeconomic aspects, Surveys, Marketing, Fish storage, ISW, Bangladesh,

The prediction of equivalent granular steady state line of loose sand with fines

Void ratio has been used as a state variable for predicting the liquefaction behaviour of soils under the Critical State, sometimes also referred to as the Steady State, framework. Recent publications show that void ratio may not be a good parameter for characterizing sand with fines because the Steady State Line (or curve) in the e-log(p') space moves downward with increase in fines content until a threshold value refers to as the threshold fines content “TFC”. Recently, an alternative state variable referred to as equivalent granular void ratio has been proposed to resolve this problem. To calculate this alternative state variable, an additional parameter “b” is needed. This parameter “b” represents the fraction of fines that actively participate in the force structure of the solid skeleton. However, predicting the “b” value is problematic. This paper examines the factors affecting the “b” value based on published work on binary packing. This leads to a simple semi-empirical equation for predicting the “b” value based on fines size and fines content. The proposed equations were evaluated with published data sets. Then, the concept of an equivalent granular steady state line is proposed. This concept was used to predict the location of SSLs for sand with different fines content from either the SSL of clean sand or the SSL of sand with a given fines content. The predictions agree well with experimental results

Effect of sand gradation and fines type on the liquefaction behaviour of sand-fines mixtures

Equivalent granular void ratio and equivalent granular steady state line was used as the common basis for synthesizing test results. In isolating the influence of host sand, two sand-fines mixes with different host sand, but the same fines type and content, were tested. The influence of fines type was then investigated by testing Sydney sand mixed with three different types of fines. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photography was also used to elucidate the role of angularity of fines. This led to the finding that the angularity of fines may need to be considered in determining equivalent granular void ratio

Incidence of ulcer disease in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell) and trial for its chemotherapy

Young Clarias gariepinus cultured in an artificial tank were severely affected by an ulcer type of disease where 77% fish died within 5 weeks. From the lesions and kidney of affected fish Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Micrococcus and Staphylococcus were isolated where Aeromonas was observed as the dominant bacteria. Among them, an A. hydrophila isolate AGK 34 was detected as a pathogen by the experimental challenge test. In order to find out a suitable remedial measure of the disease, four different chemotherapeutants were applied to the affected fish in 6 different ways under laboratory condition. Affected fish were recovered from the disease in different treatments. But the best result was obtained by a successive bath in 1-2% NaCl and subsequent oral treatment with commercial oxytetracycline at a dose of 75 mg/kg body weight of fish

Bank Size, Risk-taking and Capital Regulation in Bangladesh

This study examines the impact of bank size on bank regulatory capital ratios and risk-taking behavior using a panel dataset of 30 Bangladeshi commercial banks over the period 2008-2012. The relationship between bank regulatory capital ratios and bank risk-taking is also examined. For empirical analysis, generalized methods of moments (GMM) panel method are used to explore the relationships among bank size, regulatory capital ratios and risk-taking behavior. Empirical results show that large banks hold lower amount of capital and take higher level of risk. Findings also show a reverse relationship between bank capital levels and bank risk-taking; that is, banks holding higher levels of regulatory capital are significantly less risky. Findings of this study has important implications for the Bangladeshi government, policy makers, banking regulators and bank stakeholders regarding bank size, regulatory capital requirements and overall banking sector risk-taking behavior

Quantifying residues of insecticide applied for management of brinjal shoot and fruit borer

The experiment was undertaken to detect and quantify carbosulfan residues on brinjal fruit with comparison with maximum residue level (MRL) recommended by Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). Carbosulfan was applied at the recommended rate of 1.5 ml·L-1 and the elevated rate of 3.0 ml·L-1 of water under tropical conditions.  Samples were collected at different days after treatment (DAT) to determine presence, and degradation of, residues. A residue above the MRL was detected up to 3 DAT for the 1.5 ml·L-1 rate and 10 DAT for 3.0 ml·L-1 rate. Degradation shortly after application proceeded more slowly, but the rate of degradation increased over time. Carbosulfan is still legal for use on brinjal and it should not be applied above 1.5 ml·L-1 and the pre-harvest interval should not be less than 7 days

Pengaruh Persepsi Mahasiswa Tentang Profesi Guru Dan Prestasi Belajar Terhadap Minat Menjadi Guru Akuntansi Pada Mahasiswa Progam Studi Pendidikan Akuntansi Fakultas Keguruan Dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta Angkatan 2011/2012

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah 1) Untuk Mengetahui pengaruh Persepsi Mahasiswa Tentang Profesi Guru terhadap Minat Menjadi Guru Akuntansi pada Mahasiswa Progam Studi Pendidikan Akuntansi Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan UMS angkatan 2011/2012. 2) Untuk Mengetahui pengaruh Prestasi Belajar terhadap Minat Menjadi Guru Akuntansi pada Mahasiswa Progam Studi Pendidikan Akuntansi Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan UMS angkatan 2011/2012. 3) Untuk Mengetahui Pengaruh Persepsi Mahasiswa tentang Profesi Guru dan Prestasi Belajar secara bersama-sama terhadap Minat Menjadi Guru Akuntansi pada Mahasiswa Progam Studi Pendidikan Akuntansi Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan UMS angkatan 2011/2012. Penelitian ini mengambil lokasi di Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Progam Studi Pendidikan Akuntansi. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh mahasiswa angkatan 2011/2012 yang terdiri dari 5 kelas dengan jumlah total mahasiswa sebanyak 200 orang. Sampel diambil sebanyak 50 mahasiswa dengan teknik proporsional sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan angket dan dokumentasi. Tehnik analisis data menggunakan uji F, uji t, R2, analisis regresi linier ganda dan perhitungan sumbangan relative dan sumbangan efektif. Hasil penelitian ini adalah1) Ada pengaruh positif variabel persepsi mahasiswa tentang profesi guru terhadap minat mahasiswa menjadi guru. Kesimpulan ini berdasar kan uji t diperoleh dari besarnya nilai ttabel dengan = 0,05 adalah 2,000 karena 2,013 > 2,000 maka H0 ditolak (menerima Ha). 2) Ada pengaruh positif prestsi belajar terhadap minat menjadi guru. Kesimpulan ini berdasarkan uji t diperoleh dari nilai thitung variabel prestasi belajar adalah 2,333 sedangkan besarnya nilai ttabel dengan = 0,05 adalah 2,000 karena thitung < ttabel maka H0 ditolak (menerima Ha). 3) Ada pengaruh positif variabel persepsi mahasiswa tentang profesi guru dan prestasi belajar terhadap minat menjadi guru. Kesimpulan ini berdasarkan uji F dari hasil uji F = 0,05 sebesar 3,23 Fhitung 4,005, karena 4,005 > 3,23 maka H0 ditolak (Haditerima). 4) variabel persepsi mahasiswa tentang profesi guru dan prestasi belajar sebesar 14,6% sedangkan sisanya 85,4% dipengaruhi oleh variasi variabel lain. 5) variabel persepsi mahasiswa tentang profesi guru terhadap minat menjadi guru sebesar 5,98% sedangkan sumbangan efektif untuk prestasi belajar terhadap minat mahasiswa menjadi guru 8,62%

Accumulation of arsenic in tissues of rice plant (Oryza sativa L.) and its distribution in fractions of rice grain

A study was conducted to investigate the accumulation and distribution of arsenic in different fractions of rice grain (Oryza sativa L.) collected from arsenic affected area of Bangladesh. The agricultural soil of study area has become highly contaminated with arsenic due to the excessive use of arsenic-rich underground water (0.070 ± 0.006 mg l-1, n = 6) for irrigation. Arsenic content in tissues of rice plant and in fractions of rice grain of two widely cultivated rice varieties, namely BRRI dhan28 and BRRI hybrid dhan1, were determined. Regardless of rice varieties, arsenic content was about 28- and 75-folds higher in root than that of shoot and raw rice grain, respectively. In fractions of parboiled and non-parboiled rice grain of both varieties, the order of arsenic concentrations was; rice hull > bran-polish > brown rice > raw rice > polish rice. Arsenic content was higher in non-parboiled rice grain than that of parboiled rice. Arsenic concentrations in parboiled and non-parboiled brown rice of BRRI dhan28 were 0.8 ± 0.1 and 0.5 ± 0.0 mg kg-1 dry weight, respectively while those of BRRI hybrid dhan1 were 0.8 ± 0.2 and 0.6 ± 0.2 mg kg-1 dry weight, respectively. However, parboiled and non-parboiled polish rice grain of BRRI dhan28 contained 0.4 ± 0.0 and 0.3 ± 0.1 mg kg-1 dry weight of arsenic, respectively while those of BRRI hybrid dhan1 contained 0.43 ± 0.01 and 0.5 ± 0.0 mg kg-1 dry weight, respectively. Both polish and brown rice are readily cooked for human consumption. The concentration of arsenic found in the present study is much lower than the permissible limit in rice (1.0 mg kg-1) according to WHO recommendation. Thus, rice grown in soils of Bangladesh contaminated with arsenic of 14.5 ± 0.1 mg kg-1 could be considered safe for human consumption. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved